School of Human Evolution and Social Change

At present the world tea market is rapidly growing with emerging customer needs. The importance of a change from bulk tea exports to value added tea products is highlighted in literature to face the challenges in an increasingly competitive beverage market. Firms failing to address the competitive forces by developing their marketing strategies will lose out to competitors. Thus, marketing strategies adopted by the company leaders, directing their firms towards gaining competitive advantage in the value added tea industry are discussed in this paper. Data were gathered through interviews with the founders of nine firms using an interview guide and using records at the Sri Lanka Tea Board and the Sri Lanka Customs. The results revealed that brand building, niche marketing, product differentiation, cost leadership, and customer focus were the most prominent strategies adopted by the firms. Opening up new markets abroad, fair trade, environmental sustainability, and faster delivery were identified as important strategies that differentiated firms from competitors and placed them among the market leaders. It was also revealed that the strategic decisions could be attributed to vision of the leaders, risk taking, their enthusiasm and commitment. Identifying marketing strategies depending on the firm's capabilities and innovations, is therefore, found vital for the value added tea export firms to achieve business success as well as to make substantial contribution to the Sri Lankan economy.

In the summer of 2016, field crews from the Museums of Western Colorado (MWC) discovered a laterally extensive bone bed in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation. The site lay within the initial boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument but was excluded following a Presidential Proclamation in late 2017. Preliminary excavations of the site began in September 2017 with preparation continuing into 2018. This site, named Portal to NeCrocPolis (P2N), has since yielded new data on the Late Triassic life in southeastern Utah. The P2N quarry sits 9 meters above a locally extensive channel sandstone in the middle of the formation that represents a capping sandy unit of the Moss Back Member recognized from the region. The P2N bonebed is in the Petrified Forest Member and above the proposed Adamanian–Revueltian faunal turnover (ARFT). There are at least two size classes of phytosaur (identified as Pravusuchus hortus by Parker and McCormack (2017)) present in the quarry. This mass deposit has the potential to provide new data on Late Triassic paleoecology from southeastern Utah. We favor the current lithostratigraphic work done by others (Stewart et al., 1972; Martz et al., 2017), and hypothesize that either  P. hortus from the P2N quarry has been misidentified or that the ARFT was less severe than previously hypothesized, with fewer impacts on phytosaur taxa compared to earlier estimates.

The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation preserves the most complete Triassic terrestrial fauna in North America. Deposition began during the late Carnian and continued into the early Rhaetian. Geographically extensive, the Chinle Formation is present in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, with equivalent terrestrial deposits known from Texas, Oklahoma, and Nevada. The Chinle Formation preserves a diverse archosauromorph-dominated fauna with phytosaurs, aetosaurs, crocodylomorphs, azhendosaurids, pterosaurs, dinosauromorphs, and dinosaurs. Non-archosauromorphs, such as temnospondyl amphibians and procolophonids, are also present in the Chinle but are not major components of any preserved ecosystem.. Here, we describe trends in body size, diet, locomotion, and species richness through time for large bodied Chinle tetrapods, and tested if it coincided with the purported Adamanian–Revueltian faunal transition within the Chinle (Parker and Martz 2010a). Our analyses suggest that the Adamanian–Revueltian faunal transition, at least within the Chinle, may have been broadly phytosaur specific. Non-desmatosuchine aetosaurs and temnospondyl amphibians seem largely unaffected, while most other taxa are not broadly distributed enough to track a true signal.

ABSTRACT—In the summer of 2016, field crews from the Museums of Western Colorado: Dinosaur Journey discovered a bonebed of large-bodied archosaurs in the vicinity of Fry Canyon, San Juan County, Utah. Nicknamed “Portal to
NeCrocPolis” (P2N), the site preserves at least three armored archosaurs in brown mudstone with fine, <2cm thick
white sandstones. The bonebed extends over 64 m in a NNE by SSW exposure and appears to be present to the east
of the main P2N outcrop across a draw, 80 m to the east, though colluvial deposits currently prevent precise correlation.
The fossil-bearing deposit is situated approximately nine meters above a large, grayish-white channel sandstone that
locally marks the boundary between the underlying Monitor Butte Member and the Church Rock Member of the Chinle
Formation. The mudstone/sandstone beds are laterally extensive within lower Church Rock Member within the Fry Canyon-Red Canyon area, though additional extensive deposits like P2N have not been discovered in the areas prospected. We interpret the bonebed to be monotaxic based on the presence of one articulated individual discovered in situ
during the initial discovery and surface-collected elements of consistent morphology matching that of the in situ material
from the entirety of the 64 m exposure. Elements from all portions of the skeleton of the P2N animal have been recovered, and the in situ specimen preserves nine dorsal vertebrae, a partial pelvis, left and right thoracic ribs, and gastralia. Additional material from the cranium, lower jaw, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebral series, limbs (including phalanges and unguals), and dermal armor have been recovered. While the taxa bears some resemblance to both phytosaurs
and aetosaurs, several characters seem to be ambiguous. Unique characters include dorsoventrally flattened, spadeshaped unguals, osteoderms with a distinct lateral bend and anterior articular surface, and teeth with higher-thannormal serration densities (5-6/mm vs. 1-2/mm in phytosaurs). This bonebed likely represents an accumulation of a new taxon from the Bears Ears region; additional fieldwork in 2017 is planned in order to fully excavate the site.

Until recently, evolutionary theory had been thought to be the exclusive domain of the biological sciences. Today this view is being challenged by constructivist psychologists, neuroanatomists, paleoanthropologists, and others in numerous fields who are studying the origin and evolution of language both in children (ontogenetically) and in our human ancestors (phylogenetically). From the perspective of cognitive anthropology, this paper argues that human narrativity has been in our ancestral past (phylogenetically) and continues to be in the present (ontogenetically), a fundamentally rational mode of discourse that is essential to personal and social survival and adaptation. Two theoretical orientations have taken precedence in recent years: discontinuity theorists who support 'uniquely human' cognitive and communicative abilities that divide human and non-human primates and hominids as gestural, iconic, kinesthetic, and spoken modalities of communication? Where did it originate in cognitive, phylogenetic, and ontogenetic terms and what functions did it serve for evolving humans? In attempting to respond to these questions, this paper adopts a gradualist or continuity approach which argues that 'the biological capacity for language evolved slowly and incrementally within the hominid line' (Armstrong et al., 1994, p. 349; Gibson, 1990, 1994). The compelling evidence for this approach lies. in assembling the pieces of a complex puzzle composed of empirical evidence, scientific research, and logical inferences. What will hopefully emerge is a narrative reconstruction of the evolution of narrative preadapta-tions and prenarrative abilities that begins with apes, leads genetically and morphologically to hominids, and ends with the ancestors of hominids, modern humans. This narrative of narrative evolution will unfold in three major sections: (1) The evolution of cognition and narrativity: this section discusses the brain structures and processes that underlie prenarrative and narrative capacities: embodied schemata generated from perceptual experiences; the cross-modal association of neuronal, knowledge-structuring processes responsible for the 'conversion of function' from one schemata (motor) to another form (language); and the gradual elaboration of narrative scripts from everyday routines and gestural word/signs over time into conventionally-sanctioned, archetypal narrative plots.

... Lynda D. McNeil ... Cyrus Hamlin, who hopes to revise our notions of Romantic theory and poetry in the light of Ricoeur&amp;#x27;s concept of &amp;quot;living meta-phor,&amp;quot; discusses the metaphoric relationship between the temporal experience of the subjective self in Romantic poetry and the ...

This paper takes an ethnoarchaeological and ecological approach to understanding patterns of iconography of rock art observed on the Middle Yenisey River, and its tributary to the east, the Tuba River, in the Minusinsk Basin of southern Siberia. It proposes a working hypothesis for the colonisation of this region to reconstruct the cultural origin, symbolic significance, and relative dating of this rock art. Supporting evidence is based upon the author's observations in the field, reinforced by research conducted by multinational archaeologists recently and ethnographers during historic times.

This paper explores a question that has long perplexed Southwest archaeologists regarding the roles played by indigenous foragers and migrant farmers in the spread of maize agriculture to the Colorado Plateau during the Early Agricultural Period, beginning ~2000 BCE. Drawing upon linguistic, archaeological, and rock art evidence, we build an argument suggesting that southern Uto-Aztecan speaking people who practiced corn agriculture migrated from the Tucson Basin-Borderland area into the territory of the historic Hopi Indians in northeastern Arizona, something supported in part by Hopi ethnohistoric accounts that identify certain clans as coming from south of the Hopi country. Evidence suggests that during the Basketmaker II period (~800 BCE to 400 CE), these immigrant farmers came into contact with ancestral Hopi foragers. The interaction between these immigrant farmers and indigenous foragers became the basis of Hopi culture, the spread of corn agriculture, and the archaeological complex known as Western Basketmaker II culture.